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1.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 54(supl.1): e2020605, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1250842

ABSTRACT

Abstract This article addresses the Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV). This subject comprises the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. HTLV-1/2 infection is a public health problem globally, and Brazil has the largest number of individuals living with the virus. HTLV-1 causes several clinical manifestations of neoplasm (adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma) and inflammatory nature, such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy and other manifestations such as uveitis, arthritis, and infective dermatitis. These pathologies have high morbidity and mortality and negatively impact the quality of life of infected individuals. This review includes relevant information for health authorities professionals regarding viral transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of individuals living with HTLV-1 and 2 in Brazil.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , HTLV-I Infections/diagnosis , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Quality of Life , Brazil , Review Literature as Topic , T-Lymphocytes
2.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 80(6): 369-372, Nov.-Dec. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-888157

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of lacrimal film tests and propose an algorithm for the diagnosis of dry eye disease in individuals infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1. Methods: Ninety-six patients infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 were enrolled in the study. To assess clinical complaints, patients completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire. To evaluate lacrimal film quality, patients underwent the tear breakup time test, Schirmer I test, and Rose Bengal staining. Dry eye disease was diagnosed when at least two of the three test results were abnormal. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and overall accuracy of the questionnaire as well as of each test alone and combined in parallel and in series were determined. Results: The most sensitive test was the tear breakup time test (98%), whereas the most specific was the Schirmer I test (100%). Rose Bengal staining had the highest overall accuracy (88.64%), whereas the Ocular Surface Disease Index had the lowest overall accuracy (62.65%). The tear breakup time test, Schirmer I test, and Ocular Surface Disease Index combined in parallel showed increased sensitivity and decreased specificity for all tests. In contrast, when combined in series, these tests demonstrated increased specificity and decreased sensitivity. Conclusion: This study shows the need to use multiple tests to evaluate tear film quality and include a symptom questionnaire as part of the diagnostic algorithm for dry eye disease.


RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a precisão da propedêutica do filme lacrimal e propor um algoritmo para o diagnóstico da doença do olho seco em indivíduos infectados com Vírus linfotrópico de células-T humanas tipo 1. Métodos: Noventa e seis pacientes infectados com o vírus linfotrópico de células T humana tipo 1 foram incluídos no estudo. Para avaliar sintomatologia, os pacientes responderam o questionário Índice para Doenças da Superfície Ocular. A fim de avaliar a qualidade do filme lacrimal, os pacientes foram submetidos ao teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal, teste de Schirmer I e coloração com Rosa Bengala. A doença do olho seco foi diagnosticada quando, pelo menos, dois dos testes ruptura do filme lacrimal, teste de Schirmer I e coloração com Rosa Bengala) eram anormais. Foram determinados sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo e acurácia do questionário e de cada teste sozinho e combinados em paralelo e em série. Resultados: O teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal foi o mais sensível (98%) e o teste de Schirmer I foi o mais específico (100%). A maior acurácia foi encontrada no teste de coloração com Rosa Bengala (88,64%), enquanto sintomas avaliados usando o questionário Índice para Doenças da Superfície Ocular teve a menor acurácia geral (62,65%). O teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal, teste de Schirmer I e Questionário de Doença da Superfície Ocular quando combinados em paralelo mostraram um aumento da sensibilidade e uma diminuição na especificidade de todos os testes. Por outro lado, combinados em série, teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal, Schirmer I e questionário Índice para Doenças da Superfície Ocular tiveram um aumento na especificidade e sensibilidade diminuída. Conclusão: Este estudo apontou a necessidade de utilizar mais do que um teste para avaliar a qualidade do filme lacrimal, bem como utilizar um questionário de sintomas como parte do algoritmo de diagnóstico para doença do olho seco.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Algorithms , Dry Eye Syndromes/diagnosis , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , HTLV-I Infections/complications , Dry Eye Syndromes/virology , Sensitivity and Specificity
3.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 62(7): 691-700, Oct. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-829512

ABSTRACT

Summary Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a malignancy of mature CD4+ T-cells caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Twenty million people are believed to be infected throughout the world, mostly in Japan, Africa, the Caribbean, and South America, particularly in Brazil and Peru. ATL affects about 5% of infected individuals and is classified in the following clinical forms: acute, lymphoma, primary cutaneous tumoral, chronic (favorable and unfavorable), and smoldering (leukemic and non-leukemic). Although it is considered an aggressive disease, there are cases with a long progression. We emphasize the importance of clinical classification as an indispensable element for evaluating prognosis and appropriate therapeutic approach. Since several cases have been published in Brazil and this disease is still poorly known, we decided to make a review paper for dissemination of clinical, hematological and pathological aspects, diagnosis, and therapy. The best way to reduce the occurrence of ATL would be halting the transmission of the virus through breastfeeding.


Resumo A leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (LLcTA) é uma neoplasia de células T maduras CD4+ causada pelo vírus linfotrópico para células T humanas tipo 1 (HTLV-1). Acredita-se que existem cerca de 20 milhões de pessoas infectadas em todo o mundo, principalmente no Japão, na África, no Caribe e na América do Sul, particularmen te no Brasil e no Peru. A LLcTA acomete cerca de 5% dos indivíduos infectados e classifica-se nas seguintes formas clínicas: aguda, linfomatosa, tumoral primária de pele, crônica (favorável e desfavorável) e indolente (leucêmica e não leucêmica). Embora seja considerada uma doença agressiva, há casos com longa evolução. Salientamos a importância da classificação clínica como elemento im prescindível para avaliação do prognóstico e conduta terapêutica adequada. Como já foram publicados vários casos no Brasil e essa doença ainda é pouco conhecida, decidimos fazer um trabalho de revisão para divulgar os seus aspectos clínicos, hematológicos, anatomopatológi cos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos. O melhor meio de redu zir a ocorrência de LLcTA seria sustando a transmissão vertical do vírus pela amamentação.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology , Skin/pathology , Biopsy , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/classification , Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/therapy , Chronic Disease
4.
Univ. salud ; 18(2): 209-213, mayo-ago. 2016. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-797464

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El virus linfotrópico humano de células T es un retrovirus, se encuentra asociado al riesgo de presentar dermatitis infecciosa, uveítis, polimiositis, artropatías, paraparesia espástica tropical, linfoma de células T del adulto y mieloma. Una de las vías de transmisión del HTLV 1/2 es la transfusión sanguínea de unidades que contienen el virus. Para evitar la transmisión de la infección por este retrovirus, el tamizaje en muestras de donantes de sangre ha sido obligatorio en muchos países y más recientemente en Colombia. Objetivo: Reportar la seroprevalencia de virus HTLV 1/ 2 en donantes de sangre de Boyacá-Colombia entre los años 2011 a 2013. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, en el que se estableció la seroprevalencia de HTLV 1/2 en 48.782 donantes de sangre captados en el departamento de Boyacá por tres bancos de sangre, utilizando la técnica quimioluminiscencia y como pruebas confirmatorias la técnica de InmunoBlot. Resultados: De los donantes tamizados, el 0,23% (113/48.782) fueron serorreactivos (positivos en la prueba de quimioluminiscencia), el 0,16% (78/48.782) fueron negativos, un 0,04% (21/48.782) fueron indeterminados y el 0,03% (14/48.782) fueron seropositivos por la técnica de InmunoBlot. Los donantes seropositivos correspondieron según el sexo a 0,016% (8/48.782) mujeres y 0,012% (6/48.782) a hombres. Conclusión: La prevalencia de HTLV 1/2 fue de 0,03%, similar a la de la mayoría de países que cuentan con reporte de esta determinación en donantes de sangre. Los datos generados en el estudio son los primeros reportados para Boyacá y aportan a la epidemiología del virus a nivel nacional.


Introduction: The Human T-cell lymphotropic virus is a retrovirus found to be associated with risks of infectious dermatitis, uveitis, polymyositis, arthropathies, tropical spastic paraparesis, myeloma and T-cell lymphoma. One of the means of transmission of HTLV 1/2 is the transfusion of blood units contaminated by the virus. To prevent this kind of transmission, blood donor screening has recently become a standard in Colombia and in many other countries. Objective: To report the seroprevalence of HTLV 1/2 virus in blood donors from Boyacá between 2011 and 2013. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was performed, in which the seroprevalence of HTLV 1/2 was established in 48,782 blood donors from three blood banks in the department of Boyacá by using both chemiluminescence and western blot techniques. Results: From the screened donors, 0.23% (113 / 48,782) were seroreactive (chemiluminescence positive), 0.16% (78 / 48,782) were negative, 0.04% (21 / 48,782) were undefined and 0.03% (14 / 48,782) were seropositive by western blot. Concerning gender, seropositive donors were 0.016% (8/48,782) female and 0.012% (6 / 48,782) male. Conclusion: The prevalence of HTLV 1/2 was 0.03% which is similar to what has been found in most of the countries. The data generated in this study is the first of this kind available for Boyacá and will likely contribute to the virus epidemiology at the national level.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Blood Banks , Blood Transfusion , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 , Seroepidemiologic Studies
5.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 43(6): 668-672, Nov.-Dec. 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-569428

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: A mielopatia associada ao retrovírus HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP) é uma doença progressiva e incapacitante. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar características clínico-epidemiológicas de pacientes com HAM/TSP. MÉTODOS: Série de casos admitidos de 01/1998 a 12/ 2007, em hospital de reabilitação utilizando os critérios diagnósticos de HAM/TSP. RESULTADOS: Participaram 206 pacientes, dos quais, 67 por cento eram mulheres, com 53 anos de média de idade, nove anos de média de duração de doença. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram a diminuição da força em membros inferiores, espasticidade, dor, presença de bexiga neurogênica e a constipação intestinal. Os sinais neurológicos foram hiperreflexia, Babinsky, Hoffmann e neuropatia periférica. A presença de dor, de espasticidade muscular e de atrofia medular à ressonância nuclear magnética de medula espinhal foram associadas à duração da doença (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A HAM/TSP é uma doença de curso incapacitante e progressiva, em que a dor é relatada precocemente, enquanto a atrofia medular torácica e a espasticidade surgem em fase mais tardia. Existem casos de HAM/TSP com provável transmissão do vírus por via vertical.


INTRODUCTION: Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) myelopathy (HAM/TSP) is a progressive disabling disorder. This work aimed to analyze clinical features and epidemiology in a sample of HAM/TSP. METHODS: All HTLV-1 infected patients with diagnostic criteria for HAM/TSP, consecutively admitted to the Sarah Hospital from 1998 to 2007, were included in the study. RESULTS: 206 patients (67 percent females; mean age: 53.8 years-old) were diagnosed with HAM/TSP. The mean time of evolution was 9.0 years. The most common neurological symptoms were chronic progressive spastic paraparesis, spasticity, pain, neurogenic bladder and neurogenic bowel. The neurological findings were hyperreflexia, Babinsky, Hoffman and peripheral neuropathy. Pain, spasticity and spinal cord atrophy, observed in MRI, were associated with time of disease (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HAM/TSP is a very disabling disorder, in which pain is reported early, while spasticity and thoracic spinal cord atrophy appear in a later phase of the disease. Cases of HAM/TSP exist with a probable vertical viral transmission.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Educational Status , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/diagnosis , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/transmission , Time Factors
6.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 42(6): 657-660, Dec. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-539513

ABSTRACT

O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência da infecção pelo HTLV-1 em remanescentes de comunidades de população negra, os quilombos no Brasil Central. 1.837 indivíduos foram avaliados, sendo nove soropositivos para HTLV-1/2 por ELISA. Todos esses foram positivos para HTLV-1 por Western blot e/ou PCR, resultando em uma prevalência de 0,5 por cento (IC 95 por cento: 0,2-1,0). A idade dos indivíduos infectados variou de 11 a 82 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino. Quanto às características de risco, história de aleitamento materno, transfusão de sangue, múltiplos parceiros sexuais e doenças sexualmente transmissíveis foram relatadas por esses indivíduos. Os achados deste estudo evidenciam a importância da identificação dos indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 na estratégia de controle e prevenção dessa infecção em remanescentes de quilombos.


This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection among remnant black quilombo communities in Central Brazil. A total of 1,837 individuals were evaluated, among whom nine were HTLV-1/2 seropositive according to ELISA. All of them were positive for HTLV-1 by means of Western blot and/or PCR, thus resulting in a prevalence of 0.5 percent (95 percent CI: 0.2-1.0). The HTLV-1 infected individuals ranged in age from 11 to 82 years. The majority of them were females. Regarding risk characteristics, histories of breastfeeding, blood transfusion, multiple sexual partners and sexually transmitted diseases were reported by these individuals. The findings from this study indicate the importance of identifying HTLV-1 infected individuals, as a strategy for infection control and prevention in these remnant quilombos.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Black People/statistics & numerical data , HTLV-I Infections/epidemiology , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Blotting, Western , Brazil/epidemiology , Brazil/ethnology , Cross-Sectional Studies , DNA, Viral/analysis , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , HTLV-I Infections/diagnosis , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Young Adult
7.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 51(1): 25-29, Jan.-Feb. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-505991

ABSTRACT

Epidemiological studies conducted in Peru disclosed HTLV-1 to be prevalent in different ethnic groups, and found HTLV-2 in some Amazonian Indians and in men who have sex with men. No data concerning HTLV-1/2 infection in blood donors from Arequipa, a highlands region in southern Peru, is available. We searched for the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 antibodies in 2,732 serum samples obtained from blood donors from this geographic area. HTLV-1/2-specific antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and were confirmed by Western blot (WB). Reactive sera had their blood bags discarded from donation, and the demographic characteristics of the donors were analyzed. Thirty-five sera (1.2 percent) were HTLV seroreactive by ELISA, and 25 were confirmed HTLV-1-positive by WB. One serum disclosed HTLV-positivity, and the remaining nine serum samples showed indeterminate results by WB; three of which had an HTLV-1 indeterminate Gag profile. The median age of HTLV-positive individuals was 34.6 years; 27 were male and eight were female. All individuals were from southern Peru: 27 from Arequipa, five from Puno, and three from Cuzco. HTLV co-positivity with hepatitis B (five sera) and syphilis (one serum) were detected. Previous transfusion and tattooing were observed in two and one individuals, respectively. No serum was positive for HTLV/HIV co-infection. This study confirmed, for the first time, HTLV-1 infection and the absence of HTLV-2 infection in blood donors from Arequipa, Peru and suggests vertical transmission as the major route of HTLV-1 transmission and acquisition in this geographic region.


Estudos epidemiológicos conduzidos no Peru apontam a infecção por HTLV-1 como prevalente em diferentes grupos étnicos e por HTLV-2 restrita a alguns índios da região Amazônica e a homens que fazem sexo com homens. Não existem dados sobre a infecção por HTLV-1/2 em doadores de sangue de Arequipa, região montanhosa do sul do Peru. Portanto, o presente estudo pesquisou anticorpos anti-HTLV-1 e HTLV-2 em 2.732 doadores de sangue desta região geográfica. Foram utilizados na triagem sorológica os testes imunoenzimáticos (ELISA) e para confirmação dos resultados o Western Blot (WB). Soros reagentes no ELISA tiveram suas bolsas de sangue descartadas. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados de acordo com características demográficas dos indivíduos. Trinta e cinco soros (1,2 por cento) resultaram HTLV-1/2 reagentes no ELISA, 25 confirmaram infecção por HTLV-1 no WB. Um soro resultou HTLV positivo e os nove soros restantes resultaram em padrão indeterminado no WB: três com perfil HTLV-1 Gag indeterminado. A média de idade dos indivíduos HTLV positivos foi de 34,6 anos; 27 do gênero masculino e oito do gênero feminino. Todos eram da região sul do país: 27 de Arequipa, cinco de Puno e três de Cuzco. Foi detectada co-positividade HTLV com hepatite B (cinco soros) e sífilis (um soro). Nenhum soro resultou positivo para a co-infecção HIV/HTLV. Havia dois indivíduos com transfusão prévia e um com tatuagem. Este trabalho confirma pela primeira vez infecção por HTLV-1 e ausência de infecção por HTLV-2 em doadores de sangue de Arequipa, sul do Peru e sugere que a transmissão vertical seja a principal via de transmissão/aquisição de HTLV-1 nesta região geográfica.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Blood Donors , HTLV-I Infections/epidemiology , HTLV-II Infections/epidemiology , Blotting, Western , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , HTLV-I Antibodies/blood , HTLV-I Infections/diagnosis , HTLV-II Antibodies/blood , HTLV-II Infections/diagnosis , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology , /genetics , /immunology , Prevalence , Peru/epidemiology
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